Second Viking site in North America discovered?

[Caliga]

Monstrous.

Discovery Could Rewrite History of Vikings in New World
Guided by ancient Norse sagas and modern satellite images, searchers discover what may be North America's second Viking site.

By Mark Strauss
PUBLISHED MARCH 31, 2016
POINT ROSEE, CANADA - It's a two-mile trudge through forested, swampy ground to reach Point Rosee, a narrow, windswept peninsula stretching from southern Newfoundland into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Last June, a team of archaeologists was drawn to this remote part of Canada by a modern-day treasure map: satellite imagery revealing ground features that could be evidence of past human activity.

The treasure they discovered here—a stone hearth used for working iron—could rewrite the early history of North America and aid the search for lost Viking settlements described in Norse sagas centuries ago.

To date, the only confirmed Viking site in the New World is L'Anse aux Meadows, a thousand-year-old way station discovered in 1960 on the northern tip of Newfoundland. It was a temporary settlement, abandoned after just a few years, and archaeologists have spent the past half-century searching for elusive signs of other Norse expeditions.

"The sagas suggest a short period of activity and a very brief and failed colonization attempt," says Douglas Bolender, an archaeologist specializing in Norse settlements. "L'Anse aux Meadows fits well with that story but is only one site. Point Rosee could reinforce that story or completely change it if the dating is different from L'Anse aux Meadows. We could end up with a much longer period of Norse activity in the New World."

The site of the discovery, hundreds of miles south of L'Anse aux Meadows, was located by archaeologist Sarah Parcak, a National Geographic Fellow and "space archaeologist" who has used satellite imagery to locate lost Egyptian cities, temples, and tombs.

Last November, TED awarded Parcak a $1 million prize to develop a project to discover and monitor ancient sites. This latest discovery in Newfoundland—supported, in part, by a grant from the National Geographic Society—demonstrates that her space-based surveillance can not only spy out artifacts in barren desert landscapes, but also in regions covered by tall grasses and other plant life.

Parcak led a team of archaeologists to Point Rosee last summer to conduct a "test excavation," a small-scale dig to search for initial evidence that the site merits further study. The scientists unearthed an iron-working hearth partially surrounded by the remains of what appears to have been a turf wall.

The archaeologists don't yet have enough evidence to confirm that Vikings built the hearth. Other peoples lived in Newfoundland centuries ago, including Native Americans and Basque fisherman. But experts are cautiously optimistic.

"A site like Point Rosee has the potential to reveal what that initial wave of Norse colonization looked like not only for Newfoundland but for the rest of the North Atlantic," says Bolender.

Location, Location, Location
"Who's your daddy?!?" Parcak shouts at the ground as her muddy boot pushes down on a shovel, cutting its way through thick turf to the soil beneath. It's a joyous sound, the primal yell of an archaeologist in her natural habitat, doing fieldwork. "Digging makes us better people," she tells me.

Parcak is far afield of her usual stomping grounds in Egypt. But this project has clearly captivated her imagination, drawing her into Viking history and lore.

One afternoon, we cautiously make our way down a steep path—created by a small landslide and gully—to a narrow beach. As we stroll along the shoreline, Parcak speculates on why this tiny peninsula would have made an ideal Norse outpost.

"They were quite nervous about their safety, threats by locals," she says. "They needed to be in a place where they could have good access to the beaches but also a good vantage point. This spot is ideally situated—you can see to the north, west, and south."

After studying the area and researching prior land surveys, the archaeologists have identified other characteristics that would have made Point Rosee an optimum site for Norse settlers: The southern coastline of the peninsula has relatively few submerged rocks, allowing for anchoring or even beaching ships; the climate and soil in the region is especially well-suited for growing crops; there's ample fishing on the coast and game animals inland; and there are lots of useful natural resources, such as chert for making stone tools and turf for building housing.

Iron Men
And then, of course, there was the most valuable resource of all: bog iron. It's a type of ore that forms when rivers carry dissolved particles of iron down from mountains and into wetlands, where bacteria leach the iron from the water, leaving behind metal deposits.

The Norse didn't do much mining. Most of their iron was harvested from peat bogs, and their very way of life depended upon it. Metal nails held their ships together as they sailed west—expanding their realm across the North Atlantic—and south, establishing trade routes throughout Europe and the Far East. A modern-day reconstruction of a Norse longship, built by the Viking Ship Museum in Denmark, required 7,000 nails made from 880 pounds (400 kg) of iron—which means that a blacksmith would have had to heat and process 30 tons of raw bog iron ore.

Bog iron prospectors knew what telltale signs to look for, such as an oily looking microbial slick on the surface of stagnant water. In fact, three historians authored a study making the case that iron was a prerequisite for Viking settlements. L'Anse aux Meadows, they observe, was a site used for iron production and ship maintenance, providing evidence "that the explorers, knowing their ships needed repair, actively sought out a location where they could acquire bog iron and produce new nails."

Searching For Signs

Up until now, Parcak has predominantly used her eyes in the sky to gaze upon Egypt, where she has been able to spot geological anomalies that indicate the presence of ruins beneath the barren, mostly undisturbed sands.

But, whereas the ancient Egyptians left behind stone edifices that have endured for thousands of years, Viking structures were hewn mostly from wood and earth. So when Parcak uses satellite imagery to search for signs of Norse settlers, she's not looking for actual ruins. Instead, she's scrutinizing the plant life.

The remnants of structures buried at Point Rosee alter the surrounding soil, changing the amount of moisture it retains. This, in turn, affects the vegetation growing directly over it. Using remote sensing, variations in plant growth form a spectral outline of what was there centuries earlier. The Point Rosee images were taken during the fall, when the grasses in the area were particularly high, making it easier to see which plants were healthier, drinking more water from the soil.

The archaeologists found 28 pounds of slag in a hearth that they believe was used to roast iron ore prior to smelting it in a furnace.

In one area, a magnetometer survey reveals a hot spot that, according to the satellite imagery, is partially surrounded by straight lines indicating the possible ruins of a small structure. Excavation reveals the remains of what appear to be turf walls and an iron-working hearth.

To an untrained eye, the hearth doesn't look like much: a boulder in front of a shallow pit, surrounded by smaller stones. But traces of charcoal and 28 pounds of slag found in the pit suggest to the archaeologists that this hearth was used for roasting ore.

This was the first step in the iron-working process. Before the metal could be smelted and forged by a blacksmith, the ore needed to be dried out—otherwise, it would explode when placed inside a furnace. The roasting process also removed some of the impurities, in the form of discarded metal slag.

The discovery of this hearth makes Point Rosee the southernmost and westernmost known iron-working site in pre-Columbian North America.

The Stuff of Legends

Was Point Rosee a Viking outpost a thousand or so years ago? The evidence thus far is promising. The turf structure that partially surrounds the hearth is nothing like the shelters built by indigenous peoples who lived in Newfoundland at the time, nor by Basque fishermen and whalers who arrived in the 16th century. And, while iron slag may be fairly generic, "there aren't any known cultures—prehistoric or modern—that would have been mining and roasting bog iron ore in Newfoundland other than the Norse," says Bolender.

Very few artifacts have been found at Point Rosee, but that's actually a good sign. Most Norse possessions haven't preserved well; they were typically made from wood, which decayed, or iron, which either decayed or was melted down to make something else. Archaeologists conducted seven excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, from 1961 to 1968, before they had sufficient evidence to confirm it was a Norse outpost. And even then they found only a handful of personal items, such as a bronze pin, a needle hone, and a stone lamp. If the archaeologists had found many artifacts at Point Rosee, then it probably wouldn't be a Viking site.

Archaeologists conducted a "test excavation" in Newfoundland—a small-scale dig to search for initial evidence that the site merits further study. They were successful.

One theory is that Point Rosee was primarily an iron-working camp, a temporary facility supporting exploration and exploitation of resources within the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bolender, however, believes it might have been part of a more substantial settlement somewhere in the vicinity.

If so, then how does this discovery fit into history's bigger picture?

Much of what we know about the Norse exploration of North America is gleaned from the Viking sagas, oral stories passed down across generations that were eventually transcribed.

"We're looking here because of the sagas," says Bolender. "Nobody would have ever found L'Anse aux Meadows if it weren't for the sagas. But, the flipside is that we have no idea how reliable they are."

Archaeologists have found sporadic evidence suggestive of Viking explorers who traveled beyond their settlements in Greenland. Artifacts from the 11th century, including a copper coin, were discovered in Maine, possibly obtained by Native Americans who traded with the Norse. Canadian archaeologist Patricia Sutherland has found ruins on Baffin Island, far above the Arctic Circle, which she claims were a trading outpost—though the evidence remains inconclusive. (Read about Sutherland's discovery.)

The confirmed discovery of a Norse camp at L'Anse aux Meadows proved that the Viking sagas weren't entirely fiction. A second settlement at Point Rosee would suggest that the Norse exploration of the region wasn't a limited undertaking, and that archaeologists should expand their search for evidence of other settlements, built 500 years before the arrival of Christopher Columbus.

"For a long time, serious North Atlantic archaeologists have largely ignored the idea of looking for Norse sites in coastal Canada because there was no real method for doing so," says Bolender. "If Sarah Parcak can find one Norse site using satellites, then there's a reasonable chance that you can use the same method to find more, if they exist. If Point Rosee is Norse, it may open up coastal Canada to a whole new era of research."

"Vikings Unearthed" premiers on Monday, April 4, on BBC One (at 8:30 p.m. in the U.K.) and streams online at 3:30 p.m. ET at pbs.org/nova.

Follow Mark Strauss on Twitter

[Razgovory]

Yeah, he blocked me from that account as well.

[The Brain]

Still in Canada.

[Phillip V]

Columbus Day should be removed as an official holiday in the United States.

[KRonn]

Columbus Day should be removed as an official holiday in the United States.

Rename it Ragnar day! Or Erik the Red day!

[Valmy]

Columbus Day should be removed as an official holiday in the United States.

Nah. I like the fact it gets people discussing history. Also reveals that Columbus was a weirdo and psycho.

Besides Columbus discovering America (for the Spanish who didn't know about it before because discovering something does not imply nobody else knew about it in the history of the world) was an incredibly important event in world history. The Vikings stopping by impacted nothing. Sort of like how we credit Benjamin Franklin for proving electricity existed as a very important event even though electric batteries had been made in ancient times...because ancient people did not go on to invent the internet.

[viper37]

Nah. I like the fact it gets people discussing history. Also reveals that Columbus was a weirdo and psycho.

Weirdo, ok, but why psycho?

The Vikings stopping by impacted nothing.

You mean people related to people that would eventually settle in a place and intermingle with a people that would eventually produce my ancestors and partly colonize my nation impacted to nothing?!
How dare you! 

Sort of like how we credit Benjamin Franklin for proving electricity existed as a very important event even though electric batteries had been made in ancient times...

I thought that has been disproved?

[Valmy]

Weirdo, ok, but why psycho?

Well he was like 'the conversion of all these people to Christianity make me, like, bigger than the Saints! Oh but I need to show how my expedition was profitable so let's enslave them all!' was kind of a weird leap of logic

I just love that every year at Columbus Day everybody starts talking about Columbus and how bad of a guy/how big of a hero he was. It does my heart good. Very few holidays actually produce interest in the supposed point of the holiday.

You mean people related to people that would eventually settle in a place and intermingle with a people that would eventually produce my ancestors and partly colonize my nation impacted to nothing?!
How dare you! 

That is exactly what I am saying...wait...what are you saying exactly?

I thought that has been disproved?

Maybe. But for sake of argument let's say it was true. Still did not impact anything.

[Phillip V]

Columbus Day should be removed as an official holiday in the United States.

Nah. I like the fact it gets people discussing history. Also reveals that Columbus was a weirdo and psycho.

I did not know that.  In my social and professional bubble, there is no discussion.

[Valmy]

I did not know that.  In my social and professional bubble, there is no discussion.

Nah man left wing people are crawling over themselves demanding it be renamed 'Native Peoples Day' and trying to rip down all his statues. It gets all these debates going. It is great.

Of course if the left wing people ever succeed it will ruin everything because 'Native Peoples Day' would generate no interest at all.

[garbon]

Of course if the left wing people ever succeed it will ruin everything because 'Native Peoples Day' would generate no interest at all.

[Malthus]

Nah. I like the fact it gets people discussing history. Also reveals that Columbus was a weirdo and psycho.

Weirdo, ok, but why psycho?

Well, he *was* dragged back to Spain in chains for the nasty shit he'd pulled, together with his allegedly-psycho brother, in the colony he was running, and some of it was pretty bad, even by Spanish standards - like approving of his brother sexually humiliating and then mutilating some poor woman for insulting his lowly birth. 

Bobadilla, who ruled as governor from 1500 until his death in a storm in 1502, had also been tasked by the Court with investigating the accusations of brutality made against Columbus. Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus was away in the explorations of his Third voyage, Bobadilla was immediately met with complaints about all three Columbus brothers: Christopher, Bartolomé, and Diego. A recently discovered report by de Bobadilla alleges that Columbus regularly used torture and mutilation to govern Hispaniola. The 48-page report, found in 2006 in the state archive in the Spanish city of Valladolid, contains testimonies from 23 people, including both enemies and supporters of Columbus, about Columbus and his brothers' treatment of colonial subjects during his seven-year rule.[80]

According to the report, Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. Testimony recorded in the report claims that Columbus congratulated his brother Bartolomé on "defending the family" when the latter ordered a woman paraded naked through the streets and then had her tongue cut out for suggesting that Columbus was of lowly birth.[80]

The document also describes how Columbus put down native unrest and revolt; he first ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed and then paraded their dismembered bodies through the streets in an attempt to discourage further rebellion.[81]

"Columbus's government was characterised by a form of tyranny," Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian who has seen the document, told journalists.[80] "Even those who loved him [Columbus] had to admit the atrocities that had taken place."[80]

Because of their gross mismanagement of governance, Columbus and his brothers were arrested and imprisoned upon their return to Spain from the third voyage. They lingered in jail for six weeks before busy King Ferdinand ordered their release. Not long after, the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to the Alhambra palace in Granada. There the royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; restored their freedom and wealth; and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus's fourth voyage. But the door was firmly shut on Columbus's role as governor. Henceforth Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new governor of the West Indies.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Accusations_of_tyranny_during_governorship

[viper37]

Well he was like 'the conversion of all these people to Christianity make me, like, bigger than the Saints! Oh but I need to show how my expedition was profitable so let's enslave them all!' was kind of a weird leap of logic

Not at all
Early Christians reputedly regarded slaves who converted to Christianity as freedmen, brothers in Christ, and included in Christ's kingdom inheritance.[9] However, this regard apparently had no legal power. These slaves were told to serve their masters as if they were serving Christ, with honesty, faithfulness and respect (Ephesians 6:5-8 KJV).[9] Slaves may have been encouraged by Paul the Apostle in the first Corinthian Epistle to seek or purchase their freedom whenever possible. (I Corinthians 7:21 KJV).[9]

See, it is perfectly ok for Christians to have slaves, so long as they themselves seek to purchase their freedom.  Not my problem if they don't know how

I just love that every year at Columbus Day everybody starts talking about Columbus and how bad of a guy/how big of a hero he was. It does my heart good. Very few holidays actually produce interest in the supposed point of the holiday.

That is true, but it's more a distant debate to me, something that happens in the medias

[Valmy]

Of course if the left wing people ever succeed it will ruin everything because 'Native Peoples Day' would generate no interest at all.

It would be ok. Just another day off at that point. Hey you know how difficult it is to generate discussion of black history during black history month.

[Valmy]

See, it is perfectly ok for Christians to have slaves, so long as they themselves seek to purchase their freedom.  Not my problem if they don't know how

Yet the Church had done a lot of work to outlaw slavery throughout Europe just a few centuries before.

That is true, but it's more a distant debate to me, something that happens in the medias

Still, hey the media talking about history!