Saving another low-end but important technology: AM Radio!

[CountDeMoney]

A Quest to Save AM Before It's Lost in the Static
By EDWARD WYATT

WASHINGTON — Is anyone out there still listening?

The digital age is killing AM radio, an American institution that brought the nation fireside chats, Casey Kasem's Top 40 and scratchy broadcasts of the World Series. Long surpassed by FM and more recently cast aside by satellite radio and Pandora, AM is now under siege from a new threat: rising interference from smartphones and consumer electronics that reduce many AM stations to little more than static. Its audience has sunk to historical lows.

But at least one man in Washington is tuning in.

Ajit Pai, the lone Republican on the Federal Communications Commission, is on a personal if quixotic quest to save AM. After a little more than a year in the job, he is urging the F.C.C. to undertake an overhaul of AM radio, which he calls "the audible core of our national culture." He sees AM — largely the realm of local news, sports, conservative talk and religious broadcasters — as vital in emergencies and in rural areas.

"AM radio is localism, it is community," Mr. Pai, 40, said in an interview.

AM's longer wavelength means it can be heard at far greater distances and so in crises, he said, "AM radio is always going to be there." As an example, he cited Fort Yukon, Alaska, where the AM station KZPA broadcasts inquiries about missing hunters and transmits flood alerts during the annual spring ice breakup.

"When the power goes out, when you can't get a good cell signal, when the Internet goes down, people turn to battery-powered AM radios to get the information they need," Mr. Pai said.

He admits to feelings of nostalgia. As the son of Indian immigrants growing up in small-town Parsons, Kan., he listened to his high school basketball team win a 1987 championship, he said. "I sat in my bedroom with my radio tuned into KLKC 1540," he recalled. On boyhood family road trips across the wide Kansas plains, he said, AM radio "was a constant companion."

But that was then. In 1978, when Mr. Pai was 5, half of all radio listening was on the AM dial. By 2011 AM listenership had fallen to 15 percent, or an average of 3.1 million people, according to a survey by Veronis Suhler Stevenson, a private investment firm. While the number of FM listeners has declined, too, they still averaged 18 million in 2011. (The figures are averages based on measuring listeners every 15 minutes.)

Although five of the top 10 radio stations in the country, as measured by advertising dollars, are AM — among them WCBS in New York and KFI in Los Angeles — the wealth drops rapidly after that. In 1970 AM accounted for 63 percent of broadcast radio stations, but now it accounts for 21 percent, or 4,900 outlets, according to Arbitron. FM accounts for 44 percent, or 10,200 stations. About 35 percent of stations stream content online.

"With the audience goes the advertising revenues," said Milford Smith, vice president for radio engineering at Greater Media, which owns 21 stations, three of them AM. "That makes for a double whammy."

Nearly all English-language AM stations have given up playing music, and even a third of the 30 Major League Baseball teams now broadcast on FM. AM, however, remains the realm of conservative talk radio, including roughly 80 percent of the 600 radio stations that carry Rush Limbaugh. Talk radio has helped keep AM alive.

"If it had to rely on music," said Michael Harrison, editor and publisher of Talkers magazine, "AM radio would be dead."

But why try to salvage AM? Critics say its decline is simply natural selection at work, and many now support converting the frequency for use by other wireless technologies. A big sign of AM's weakness is that one hope for many of its stations may be channeling their broadcasts onto FM.

Not so fast, said Mr. Pai, who has been pushing the F.C.C.'s interim chairwoman, Mignon Clyburn, to put the revitalization of AM high on the agency's agenda.

"I'm obviously bullish on next-generation technology," Mr. Pai said. "But I certainly think there continues to be a place for broadcasting and for AM radio."

Mr. Pai said he was not promoting AM to advance conservative talk radio, but part of his prescription treads a traditional Republican path. He wants to eliminate outdated regulations, for example, like one that requires AM stations to prove that any new equipment decreases interference with other stations, a requirement that is expensive, cumbersome and difficult to meet.

Mr. Pai also wants to examine a relatively new technology known as HD Radio, which has allowed some stations to transmit a digital signal along with their usual analog wave, damping static. (HD Radio is a brand name; it does not stand for high definition, as in HDTV.) But some critics still fault the F.C.C. for allowing too many broadcasters to crowd into a relatively narrow AM band of airwaves.

In the longer term, Mr. Pai said, the F.C.C. could mandate that all AM stations convert to digital transmission to reduce interference. Such a conversion, however, would cost consumers, who would have to replace the hundreds of millions of AM radios that do not capture digital transmissions.

Finally, Mr. Pai wants the F.C.C. to consider what are called FM translators, which send duplicate AM broadcasts over FM airwaves and help to reduce interference. In 2009, the F.C.C. granted permission to AM stations to use such translators.

"Our business has improved rather dramatically" since the conversion to dual bands, said Bud Walters, owner of Cromwell Group, which operates 23 stations in four states, six of them on the AM band and five of which share translators.

The F.C.C. has said it is behind Mr. Pai, although it is a long way from committing to the overhaul he envisions. In August the commission approved a measure requiring the builders of any new radio tower to compensate an AM station if the tower interferes with the station's broadcast.

Some station owners want more. David Honig, the president of the Minority Media and Telecommunications Council, said that the F.C.C. had before it 37 proposals that would expand opportunities for minority ownership but do not require giving minority-owned radio groups special rights. Two-thirds of minority-owned radio stations broadcast on AM.

The reality, however, is that even if the F.C.C. reduces regulation and provides compensation for AM stations, it cannot repeal the laws of physics.

Nearly every recently manufactured electronic consumer product — not just proliferating smartphones but televisions, home air-conditioning systems, refrigerators, computers and even energy-saving fluorescent light bulbs — emits radio signals that can interfere with AM broadcasts.

The economic boom of the 1980s and 1990s also contributed to the problem with an increase in the construction of tall buildings in suburban areas and beyond, blocking AM signals. Another issue is that the F.C.C. requires most stations to turn off or greatly reduce signals at night, a rule aimed at keeping high-powered AM stations from interfering with smaller local ones.

(The rule, which hardly engenders loyalty among listeners, was adopted because of the way radio waves in the AM frequency travel. Once the sun goes down, AM signals bounce off the ionosphere and reflect back down to earth hundreds of miles from where they originated. That is why listeners of WRDN-AM (1430) in Durand, Wis., for example, on some nights discover they are inadvertently tuned in to a broadcast from St. Louis.)

Mr. Pai said that unless the problems with AM radio were fixed, people would keep fleeing. "There are plenty of other options," he said. "They will switch the dial to something else."

[garbon]

Pai doesn't even seem old enough to be a luddite.

[HVC]

If its dying let it die. Might as well bring back the gramophone while he's at it. 

[Syt]

As a kid in the early 80s I liked scanning through the AM frequencies, catching glimpses of foreign language radio stations. Though the best were AFN (Bremerhaven) and BFBS.

[HVC]

Pai doesn't even seem old enough to be a luddite.

neither does CdM, but there you have it

[CountDeMoney]

Pai doesn't even seem old enough to be a luddite.

He brings up a salient point, though;  AM wavebands travel farther in FM dead zones, it's not susceptible to the technological weaknesses of cellular or digital radio;  it's a great emergency alternative, similar to POTS copper phone lines that everybody is trying to eliminate.

One of these days, our aversion to low tech communications resiliency is really going to bite us in the ass.

Post script:   shove it, HVC.

[derspiess]

I mostly listen to AM in the car.  We have a couple decent sports stations and another that sometimes covers sports.

In Chicago I think I heard 2 or 3 different Polish language stations.

[HVC]

Pai doesn't even seem old enough to be a luddite.

Post script:   shove it, HVC.

you probably have one of those giant wheeled bicycles too, dontcha

[DontSayBanana]

Pai doesn't even seem old enough to be a luddite.

He brings up a salient point, though;  AM wavebands travel farther in FM dead zones, it's not susceptible to the technological weaknesses of cellular or digital radio;  it's a great emergency alternative, similar to POTS copper phone lines that everybody is trying to eliminate.

One of these days, our aversion to low tech communications resiliency is really going to bite us in the ass.

Post script:   shove it, HVC.

PSTN, Jargony McJargon. (for those who don't know, POTS = plain old telephone system, PSTN = public switched telephone network)

Thing is that emergency radio's already been long gone from AM.  Sure, there are things like NJ Turnpike's highway traveler info radio station, but emergency personnel mostly switched to P25 en masse back in the 90s.

[garbon]

Pai doesn't even seem old enough to be a luddite.

He brings up a salient point, though;  AM wavebands travel farther in FM dead zones, it's not susceptible to the technological weaknesses of cellular or digital radio;  it's a great emergency alternative, similar to POTS copper phone lines that everybody is trying to eliminate.

One of these days, our aversion to low tech communications resiliency is really going to bite us in the ass.

Post script:   shove it, HVC.

Yeah, we should spend money propping up technology that nobody wants.  How positively Québécois of you.

[CountDeMoney]

you probably have one of those giant wheeled bicycles too, dontcha

Won't be as difficult picking you out of the spokes either when I curb hop your ass.

"It was a funny lookin' bike, officer...like in the old pictures...An' he just kept pedaling, sayin' 'how you like old school now, bitch' over and over..."

[garbon]

you probably have one of those giant wheeled bicycles too, dontcha

Won't be as difficult picking you out of the spokes either when I curb hop your ass.

"It was a funny lookin' bike, officer...like in the old pictures...An' he just kept pedaling, sayin' 'how you like old school now, bitch' over and over..."

And then someone hits you in their Prius.

[CountDeMoney]

PSTN, Jargony McJargon. (for those who don't know, POTS = plain old telephone system, PSTN = public switched telephone network)

[CountDeMoney]

And then someone hits you in their Prius.

Fucking hipsters. 

[Valmy]

What about Town Criers?  Can we save those to?